Where In Houma Can I Get A Refrigerator Repair Near Me

Household or industrial appliance for preserving nutrient at a low temperature

Food in a refrigerator with its door open

A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) is a commercial and dwelling apparatus consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature. The refrigerator should be kept at or below 4 °C (xl °F) and the freezer should exist regulated at −xviii °C (0 °F). Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique around the world. The lower temperature lowers the reproduction charge per unit of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees to a higher place the freezing signal of water. The optimal temperature range for perishable nutrient storage is three to five °C (37 to 41 °F).^[i] A like device that maintains a temperature below the freezing signal of water is called a freezer. The fridge replaced the icebox, which had been a common household apparatus for almost a century and a half.

The showtime cooling systems for nutrient involved water ice. Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s, and developed in the early on 1800s. In 1834, the first working vapor-pinch refrigeration system was built. The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854. In 1913, refrigerators for home employ were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the fridge market during the 1930s. Abode freezers every bit separate compartments (larger than necessary just for water ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury detail, became commonplace.

Freezer units are used in households every bit well equally in industry and commerce. Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. The freezer-over-refrigerator fashion had been the basic fashion since the 1940s, until modernistic, side-by-side refrigerators broke the tendency. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers. Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting, chilled water, and water ice from a dispenser in the door.

Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the smallest are Peltier-type refrigerators designed to chill beverages. A big domestic refrigerator stands as alpine as a person and may be about one metre (3 ft 3 in) wide with a capacity of 0.half-dozen grand³ (21 cu ft). Refrigerators and freezers may be gratis-standing, or built into a kitchen. The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before. Freezers allow people to purchase perishable food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and have bulk purchases.

History [edit]

Engineering science development [edit]

Ancient origins

Ancient Iranians were among the beginning to invent a form of large evaporative libation chosen yakhchāls using subterranean storage spaces, a large domed to a higher place-footing construction fabricated with thick walls and outfitted with wind catchers (called "badgirs"), walled off further into a series of "qanats", or a style of aqueduct used in Ancient Iran.^{[2] [3]}

Pre-electric refrigeration

In mod times, earlier the invention of the modern electric refrigerator, icehouses and iceboxes were used to provide cool storage for virtually of the year. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snowfall and ice during the wintertime, they were once very common. Natural means are still used to cool foods today. On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a user-friendly way to absurd drinks, and during the winter one can continue milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors. The word "refrigeratory" was used at to the lowest degree as early as the 17th century.^[4]

Artificial refrigeration

Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie'southward 1841 mechanical ice auto

The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a modest refrigerating car in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a fractional vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air.^[5] The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time.

In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration bike for the product of water ice by ether under vacuum. In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using loftier pressures and low temperatures, and in 1834, an American expatriate in Slap-up Great britain, Jacob Perkins, congenital the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system. It was a closed-bicycle device that could operate continuously.^[vi] A similar try was made in 1842, by American physician, John Gorrie,^[7] who built a working paradigm, only information technology was a commercial failure. American engineer Alexander Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor compression arrangement that used ether.

The first applied vapor compression refrigeration system was built by James Harrison, a Scottish Australian. His 1856 patent was for a vapor compression system using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong, Victoria, and his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapor-pinch refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses, and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in operation.

The starting time gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an technology professor at the Technological University Munich in Frg, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new process made possible the use of gases such as ammonia (NH₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and methyl chloride (CH_iiiCl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.^[8]

Commercial refrigerators [edit]

Commercial refrigerator and freezer units, which go by many other names, were in utilise for most twoscore years prior to the mutual home models. They used gas systems such every bit ammonia (R-717) or sulfur dioxide (R-764), which occasionally leaked, making them unsafe for home utilize. Applied household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic, non-flammable constructed refrigerants such as Freon-12 (R-12) were introduced. However, R-12 damaged the ozone layer, causing governments to issue a ban on its utilise in new refrigerators and ac systems in 1994. The less harmful replacement for R-12, R-134a (tetrafluoroethane), has been in common apply since 1990, but R-12 is nevertheless found in many old systems.

A common commercial refrigerator is the glass fronted beverage libation. These type of appliances are typically designed for specific re-load weather condition pregnant that they more often than not have a larger cooling arrangement. This ensures that they are able to cope with a big throughput of drinks and frequent door opening. As a consequence, it is common for these types of commercial refrigerators to have energy consumption of over four kWh per day.^{[ citation needed ]}Commercial refrigerators efficiency is primarily dependent on the compressor that moves. Refrigerators can be able to crusade technical damage to the compressor in certain cases.^{[ description needed ]} Information technology can be restored or mounted again, depending on the degree of harm. Other kinds of damage, such as a libation leak, can get undetected until serious problems ascend. Health concerns are chief among these bug, with Freon poisoning being the about alarming. In gild to detect harmful leaks early on, Freon levels need to exist regularly monitored. Regular routine maintenance should avoid the risk of keeping food products at the right temperature. Fifty-fifty the slightest change in circumstances can affect consistency, resulting in breaches of food rubber and potential penalties.^{[ stance ] [ citation needed ]}

Residential refrigerators [edit]

DOMELRE fridge c. 1914

In 1913, the start electric refrigerators for home and domestic employ were invented and produced past Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana, with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box.^{[9] [ten]} His showtime device, produced over the adjacent few years in several hundred units, was called DOMELRE.^{[11] [12]} In 1914, engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an thought for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the Kelvinator. A self-independent refrigerator, with a compressor on the bottom of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916. Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918, who started the Frigidaire company to mass-produce refrigerators. In 1918, Kelvinator company introduced the kickoff refrigerator with any type of automated control. The absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922, while they were nevertheless students at the Royal Plant of Applied science in Stockholm. It became a worldwide success and was commercialized by Electrolux. Other pioneers included Charles Tellier, David Boyle, and Raoul Pictet. Carl von Linde was the kickoff to patent and make a practical and compact refrigerator.

These home units usually required the installation of the mechanical parts, motor and compressor, in the basement or an adjacent room while the common cold box was located in the kitchen. There was a 1922 model that consisted of a wooden cold box, h2o-cooled compressor, an ice cube tray and a 0.25-cubic-metre (nine cu ft) compartment, and cost $714. (A 1922 Model-T Ford price about $476.) By 1923, Kelvinator held 80 per centum of the market for electric refrigerators. Also in 1923 Frigidaire introduced the outset cocky-independent unit. Near this aforementioned fourth dimension porcelain-covered metal cabinets began to appear. Ice cube trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s; up to this time freezing was not an auxiliary role of the modern refrigerator.

General Electric "Monitor-Acme" refrigerator, introduced in 1927, priced at $525, with the first all-steel chiffonier, designed by Christian Steenstrup^[13]

The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Top" fridge introduced in 1927, so-chosen, by the public, because of its resemblance to the gun turret on the ironclad warship USS Monitor of the 1860s.^[14] The compressor assembly, which emitted a peachy deal of oestrus, was placed to a higher place the cabinet, and enclosed by a decorative ring. Over a million units were produced. Equally the refrigerating medium, these refrigerators used either sulfur dioxide, which is corrosive to the eyes and may cause loss of vision, painful skin burns and lesions, or methyl formate, which is highly combustible, harmful to the eyes, and toxic if inhaled or ingested.^[xv]

The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s and provided a safer, low-toxicity alternative to previously used refrigerants. Split up freezers became mutual during the 1940s; the term for the unit of measurement, popular at the time, was deep freeze. These devices, or appliances, did not go into mass product for use in the home until later Earth War 2.^[xvi] The 1950s and 1960s saw technical advances like automatic defrosting and automatic ice making. More than efficient refrigerators were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, fifty-fifty though environmental issues led to the banning of very effective (Freon) refrigerants. Early fridge models (from 1916) had a cold compartment for ice cube trays. From the late 1920s fresh vegetables were successfully candy through freezing past the Postum Visitor (the forerunner of General Foods), which had acquired the engineering science when information technology bought the rights to Clarence Birdseye's successful fresh freezing methods.

Styles of refrigerators [edit]

In the early 1950s nearly refrigerators were white, but from the mid-1950s to the present solar day, designers and manufacturers have put color onto refrigerators. In the tardily-1950s/early-1960s, pastel colors like turquoise and pinkish became popular, and brushed chrome-plating (like to a stainless steel terminate) was available on some models. In the tardily 1960s and throughout the 1970s, earth tone colors were popular, including Harvest Gilded, Avocado Green and almond. In the 1980s, black became fashionable. In the belatedly 1990s stainless steel came into vogue. Since 1961 the Colour Marketing Group has attempted to coordinate the colors of appliances and other consumer goods.

Freezer [edit]

Freezer units are used in households and in manufacture and commerce. Food stored at or beneath −eighteen °C (0 °F) is safe indefinitely.^[17] Nearly household freezers maintain temperatures from −23 to −18 °C (−9 to 0 °F), although some freezer-only units can reach −34 °C (−29 °F) and lower. Refrigerator freezers by and large do non achieve lower than −23 °C (−nine °F), since the aforementioned coolant loop serves both compartments: Lowering the freezer compartment temperature excessively causes difficulties in maintaining to a higher place-freezing temperature in the fridge compartment. Domestic freezers tin can be included as a split compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a split up appliance. Domestic freezers may be either upright units resembling a refrigerator, or chests (with the lid or door on meridian, sacrificing convenience for efficiency and partial amnesty to power outages).^[18] Many modern upright freezers come up with an ice dispenser built into their door. Some upscale models include thermostat displays and controls, and sometimes flat screen televisions likewise.

Abode freezers every bit split up compartments (larger than necessary only for ice cubes), or equally separate units, were introduced in the The states in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.

Refrigerator technologies [edit]

Basic functioning of a refrigerator

Process and components of a conventional refrigerator

Vapor compression wheel – A: hot compartment (kitchen), B: common cold compartment (refrigerator box), I: insulation, ane: Condenser, two: Expansion valve, three: Evaporator unit of measurement, four: Compressor

An Embraco compressor and fan-assisted condenser gyre

Compressor refrigerators [edit]

A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such equally R134a enters a compressor as depression-force per unit area vapor at or slightly beneath the temperature of the refrigerator interior. The vapor is compressed and exits the compressor every bit high-force per unit area superheated vapor. The superheated vapor travels under pressure through coils or tubes that make up the condenser; the coils or tubes are passively cooled by exposure to air in the room. The condenser cools the vapor, which liquefies. Equally the refrigerant leaves the condenser, information technology is still nether pressure but is now only slightly in a higher place room temperature. This liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling device, also known equally an expansion valve (substantially a pin-hole sized constriction in the tubing) to an area of much lower force per unit area. The sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion (typically nigh half) of the liquid. The latent rut absorbed past this flash evaporation is drawn by and large from next notwithstanding-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known every bit auto-refrigeration. This cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. A fan blows air from the compartment ("box air") across these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes, drawing further latent oestrus from the box air. This cooled air is returned to the fridge or freezer compartment, and and so keeps the box air cold. Annotation that the cool air in the refrigerator or freezer is still warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant leaves the evaporator, at present fully vaporized and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet to go along the cycle.

Modern domestic refrigerators are extremely reliable because motor and compressor are integrated inside a welded container, "sealed unit", with greatly reduced likelihood of leakage or contagion. By comparison, externally-coupled refrigeration compressors, such as those in automobile air conditioning, inevitably leak fluid and lubricant past the shaft seals. This leads to a requirement for periodic recharging and, if ignored, possible compressor failure.

Dual compartment designs [edit]

Refrigerators with two compartments need special design to control the cooling of refrigerator or freezer compartments. Typically, the compressors and condenser coils are mounted at the top of the cabinet, with a single fan to cool them both. This arrangement has a few downsides: each compartment cannot be controlled independently and the more humid refrigerator air is mixed with the dry freezer air.^[nineteen]

Multiple manufacturers offering dual compressor models. These models have separate freezer and refrigerator compartments that operate independently of each other, sometimes mounted inside a single chiffonier. Each has its own separate compressor, condenser and evaporator coils, insulation, thermostat, and door.^{[ citation needed ]}

A hybrid between the 2 designs is using a split up fan for each compartment, the Dual Fan approach. Doing and then allows for split up control and airflow on a single compressor system.^{[ citation needed ]}

The design of dual-temperature devices is similar to that of reach-ins. They practice, however, consist of 2 independent temperature ranges to suit various items. A refrigerator and a freezer are mostly establish in dual-temperature units.^[20]

Absorption refrigerators [edit]

An absorption refrigerator works differently from a compressor refrigerator, using a source of heat, such every bit combustion of liquefied petroleum gas, solar thermal free energy or an electric heating element. These rut sources are much quieter than the compressor motor in a typical refrigerator. A fan or pump might exist the only mechanical moving parts; reliance on convection is considered impractical.

Other uses of an absorption refrigerator (or "chiller") include large systems used in office buildings or complexes such as hospitals and universities. These large systems are used to chill a brine solution that is circulated through the building.

Peltier effect refrigerators [edit]

The Peltier effect uses electricity to pump heat directly; refrigerators employing this arrangement are sometimes used for camping, or in situations where noise is not acceptable. They can be totally silent (if a fan for air apportionment is not fitted) but are less energy-efficient than other methods.

Ultra-low temperature refrigerators [edit]

"Ultra-common cold" or "ultra-low temperature (ULT)" (typically −80°C or −86°C) freezers, as used for storing biological samples, also generally utilise two stages of cooling, but in cascade. The lower temperature stage uses marsh gas, or a similar gas, every bit a refrigerant, with its condenser kept at around −40°C by a second stage which uses a more conventional refrigerant. Well known brands include Forma and Revco (both now Thermo Scientific). For much lower temperatures (around −196°C), laboratories commonly purchase liquid nitrogen, kept in a Dewar flask, into which the samples are suspended. Cryogenic chest freezers can achieve temperatures of downwards to −150°C, and may include a liquid nitrogen backup.

Other refrigerators [edit]

Alternatives to the vapor-compression bike not in current mass product include:

• Acoustic cooling
• Air cycle
• Magnetic cooling
• Malone engine
• Pulse tube
• Stirling bicycle
• Thermoelectric cooling
• Thermionic cooling
• Vortex tube
• Water cycle systems.^[21]

Architecture [edit]

Many modern refrigerator/freezers have the freezer on acme and the refrigerator on the lesser. Most refrigerator-freezers—except for manual defrost models or cheaper units—use what appears to be ii thermostats. Just the fridge compartment is properly temperature controlled. When the refrigerator gets also warm, the thermostat starts the cooling process and a fan circulates the air around the freezer. During this time, the fridge also gets colder. The freezer control knob but controls the amount of air that flows into the refrigerator via a damper system.^[22] Changing the refrigerator temperature will inadvertently change the freezer temperature in the opposite direction.^{[ citation needed ]} Changing the freezer temperature will accept no effect on the refrigerator temperature. The freezer control may also be adjusted to compensate for whatsoever fridge aligning.^{[ citation needed ]}

This means the refrigerator may become besides warm. However, because merely plenty air is diverted to the refrigerator compartment, the freezer usually re-acquires the ready temperature quickly, unless the door is opened. When a door is opened, either in the refrigerator or the freezer, the fan in some units stops immediately to forestall excessive frost build up on the freezer'due south evaporator curlicue, because this roll is cooling two areas. When the freezer reaches temperature, the unit cycles off, no thing what the refrigerator temperature is. Modern computerized refrigerators do not use the damper system. The calculator manages fan speed for both compartments, although air is still blown from the freezer.^{[ citation needed ]}

Features [edit]

The within of a home refrigerator containing a large diversity of everyday food items

Newer refrigerators may include:

• Automatic defrosting
• A ability failure warning that alerts the user past flashing a temperature brandish. It may display the maximum temperature reached during the power failure, and whether frozen food has defrosted or may contain harmful leaner.
• Chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door. Water and ice dispensing became available in the 1970s. In some refrigerators, the process of making ice is built-in and so the user doesn't have to manually utilize ice trays. Some refrigerators have h2o chillers and h2o filtration systems.
• Cabinet rollers that lets the refrigerator roll out for easier cleaning
• Adjustable shelves and trays
• A status indicator that notifies when it is time to alter the water filter
• An in-door ice caddy, which relocates the ice-maker storage to the freezer door and saves approximately sixty litres (ii cu ft) of usable freezer space. It is also removable, and helps to prevent ice-maker bottleneck.
• A cooling zone in the refrigerator door shelves. Air from the freezer department is diverted to the fridge door, to absurd milk or juice stored in the door shelf.
• A drop downwardly door built into the refrigerator main door, giving easy admission to frequently used items such as milk, thus saving energy past not having to open the chief door.
• A Fast Freeze part to rapidly cool foods by running the compressor for a predetermined amount of fourth dimension and thus temporarily lowering the freezer temperature below normal operating levels. It is recommended to use this feature several hours before calculation more than ane kg of unfrozen food to the freezer. For freezers without this feature, lowering the temperature setting to the coldest volition accept the same upshot.
• Freezer Defrost: Early on freezer units accumulated ice crystals around the freezing units. This was a event of humidity introduced into the units when the doors to the freezer were opened condensing on the cold parts, then freezing. This frost buildup required periodic thawing ("defrosting") of the units to maintain their efficiency. Manual Defrost (referred to every bit Cyclic) units are still available. Advances in automated defrosting eliminating the thawing task were introduced in the 1950s, simply are not universal, due to energy functioning and price. These units used a counter that only defrosted the freezer compartment (Freezer Breast) when a specific number of door openings had been made. The units were only a small timer combined with an electrical heater wire that heated the freezer's walls for a curt amount of time to remove all traces of frost/frosting. Also, early on units featured freezer compartments located inside the larger fridge, and accessed past opening the fridge door, and then the smaller internal freezer door; units featuring an entirely separate freezer compartment were introduced in the early on 1960s, becoming the industry standard by the middle of that decade.

These older freezer compartments were the main cooling body of the refrigerator, and merely maintained a temperature of effectually −6 °C (21 °F), which is suitable for keeping food for a calendar week.

• Butter heater: In the early on 1950s, the butter conditioner's patent was filed and published by the inventor Nave Alfred East. This characteristic was supposed to "provide a new and improved food storage receptacle for storing butter or the like which may quickly and easily be removed from the refrigerator cabinet for the purpose of cleaning."^[23] Considering of the loftier interest to the invention, companies in Britain, New Zealand, and Australia started to include the feature into the mass fridge production and soon information technology became a symbol of the local culture. All the same, not long afterwards that it was removed from production equally co-ordinate to the companies this was the only manner for them to meet new ecology regulations and they found it inefficient to have a rut generating device inside a commercial fridge.

After advances included automated ice units and self compartmentalized freezing units.

Types of domestic refrigerators [edit]

Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the smallest is a 4 50 Peltier refrigerator advertised every bit being able to hold 6 cans of beer. A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be virtually 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 Fifty. Some models for minor households fit under kitchen work surfaces, unremarkably about 86 cm high. Refrigerators may exist combined with freezers, either stacked with refrigerator or freezer above, below, or side by side. A fridge without a frozen nutrient storage compartment may have a pocket-sized section but to make ice cubes. Freezers may have drawers to store food in, or they may have no divisions (chest freezers).

Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing, or built into a kitchen.

Three distinct classes of fridge are mutual:

Compressor refrigerators [edit]

• Compressor refrigerators are by far the most common blazon; they brand a noticeable noise, merely are most efficient and requite greatest cooling effect. Portable compressor refrigerators for recreational vehicle (RV) and camping utilise are expensive but effective and reliable. Refrigeration units for commercial and industrial applications can be fabricated in various sizes, shapes and styles to fit customer needs. Commercial and industrial refrigerators may have their compressors located away from the chiffonier (like to split system air conditioners) to reduce noise nuisance and reduce the load on ac in hot weather.

Assimilation refrigerator [edit]

• Absorption refrigerators may be used in caravans and trailers, and dwellings lacking electricity, such as farms or rural cabins, where they accept a long history. They may be powered by any estrus source: gas (natural or propane) or kerosene existence common. Models made for camping and RV utilise oft have the pick of running (inefficiently) on 12 volt battery power.

Peltier refrigerators [edit]

• Peltier refrigerators are powered by electricity, unremarkably 12 volt DC, simply mains-powered vino coolers are available. Peltier refrigerators are inexpensive but inefficient and become progressively more inefficient with increased cooling result; much of this inefficiency may be related to the temperature differential across the short distance between the "hot" and "common cold" sides of the Peltier cell. Peltier refrigerators generally apply estrus sinks and fans to lower this differential; the but racket produced comes from the fan. Reversing the polarity of the voltage practical to the Peltier cells results in a heating rather than cooling outcome.

Other specialized cooling mechanisms may be used for cooling, only take not been applied to domestic or commercial refrigerators.

Magnetic fridge [edit]

• Magnetic refrigerators are refrigerators that piece of work on the magnetocaloric outcome. The cooling effect is triggered by placing a metal alloy in a magnetic field.^[24]
• Acoustic refrigerators are refrigerators that use resonant linear reciprocating motors/alternators to generate a sound that is converted to heat and cold using compressed helium gas. The oestrus is discarded and the cold is routed to the refrigerator.

Free energy efficiency [edit]

A European free energy label for a fridge

In a business firm without ac (infinite heating and/or cooling) refrigerators consumed more energy than any other abode device.^[25] In the early on 1990s a competition was held among the major manufacturers to encourage free energy efficiency.^[26] Current U.s.a. models that are Free energy Star qualified use 50% less energy than the average models fabricated in 1974.^[27] The nearly free energy-efficient unit made in the U.s. consumes most half a kilowatt-hour per solar day (equivalent to xx W continuously).^[28] But fifty-fifty ordinary units are quite efficient; some smaller units use less than 0.2 kWh per day (equivalent to 8 West continuously). Larger units, especially those with large freezers and icemakers, may use as much as 4 kW·h per day (equivalent to 170 W continuously). The European Marriage uses a letter-based mandatory energy efficiency rating label instead of the Energy Star; thus Eu refrigerators at the point of auction are labelled according to how energy-efficient they are.

For U.s.a. refrigerators, the Consortium on Energy Efficiency (CEE) further differentiates between Energy Star qualified refrigerators. Tier 1 refrigerators are those that are 20% to 24.9% more efficient than the Federal minimum standards set by the National Appliance Free energy Conservation Deed (NAECA). Tier ii are those that are 25% to 29.9% more than efficient. Tier three is the highest qualification, for those refrigerators that are at least thirty% more efficient than Federal standards.^[29] About 82% of the Energy Star qualified refrigerators are Tier 1, with thirteen% qualifying every bit Tier 2, and only 5% at Tier three.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Too the standard style of compressor refrigeration used in normal household refrigerators and freezers, there are technologies such every bit absorption refrigeration and magnetic refrigeration. Although these designs by and large utilize a much larger amount of energy compared to compressor refrigeration, other qualities such as silent operation or the ability to utilize gas tin can favor these refrigeration units in small enclosures, a mobile environment or in environments where unit failure would lead to devastating consequences.^{[ citation needed ]}

Many refrigerators fabricated in the 1930s and 1940s were far more efficient than most that were made later. This is partly attributable to the addition of new features, such every bit auto-defrost, that reduced efficiency. Additionally, after World War 2, refrigerator style became more important than efficiency. This was specially true in the United states of america in the 1970s, when side-by-side models (known as American fridgefreezers exterior of the US) with ice dispensers and water chillers became popular. Withal, the reduction in efficiency as well arose partly from reduction in the corporeality of insulation to cut costs.^{[ citation needed ]}

Today [edit]

Display of modern American-style / side-by-side refrigerators, available for buy in a shop

Because of the introduction of new energy efficiency standards, refrigerators made today are much more efficient than those made in the 1930s; they consume the same amount of energy while being iii times as large.^{[30] [31]}

The efficiency of older refrigerators tin exist improved by defrosting (if the unit is manual defrost) and cleaning them regularly, replacing quondam and worn door seals with new ones, adjusting the thermostat to suit the actual contents (a refrigerator needn't be colder than iv °C (39 °F) to store drinks and non-perishable items) and also replacing insulation, where applicative. Some sites recommend cleaning condenser coils every month or so on units with coils on the rear, to add life to the coils and not suffer an unnoticeable deterioration in efficiency over an extended period, the unit should be able to ventilate or "breathe" with adequate spaces around the front, dorsum, sides and in a higher place the unit. If the fridge uses a fan to proceed the condenser cool, and then this must be cleaned or serviced, at per private articles recommendations.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Machine defrosting [edit]

Frost-free refrigerators or freezers use electric fans to cool the advisable compartment.^[32] This could be called a "fan forced" refrigerator, whereas manual defrost units rely on colder air lying at the bottom, versus the warm air at the top to achieve adequate cooling. The air is drawn in through an inlet duct and passed through the evaporator where it is cooled, the air is and then circulated throughout the cabinet via a series of ducts and vents. Because the air passing the evaporator is supposedly warm and moist, frost begins to form on the evaporator (particularly on a freezer'south evaporator). In cheaper and/or older models, a defrost cycle is controlled via a mechanical timer. This timer is set to shut off the compressor and fan and energize a heating element located almost or around the evaporator for about 15 to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours. This melts any frost or ice build upward and allows the fridge to work normally once more. It is believed that frost costless units accept a lower tolerance for frost, due to their air-conditioner like evaporator coils. Therefore, if a door is left open accidentally (particularly the freezer), the defrost system may not remove all frost, in this case, the freezer (or refrigerator) must exist defrosted.^{[ citation needed ]}

If the defrosting organisation melts all the ice before the timed defrosting period ends, then a minor device (called a defrost limiter) acts like a thermostat and shuts off the heating element to forestall too large a temperature fluctuation, it also prevents hot blasts of air when the arrangement starts once again, should it finish defrosting early on. On some early on frost-costless models, the defrost limiter likewise sends a signal to the defrost timer to start the compressor and fan as shortly as it shuts off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends. When the defrost cycle is completed, the compressor and fan are immune to bike back on.^{[ citation needed ]}

Frost-free refrigerators, including some early frost free refrigerator/freezers that used a common cold plate in their refrigerator section instead of airflow from the freezer section, generally don't shut off their refrigerator fans during defrosting. This allows consumers to go out food in the master refrigerator compartment uncovered, and besides helps continue vegetables moist. This method likewise helps reduce energy consumption, considering the refrigerator is above freeze indicate and tin can pass the warmer-than-freezing air through the evaporator or cold plate to aid the defrosting bike.^{[ citation needed ]}

Inverter [edit]

Fridge in a rural shop

With the advent of digital inverter compressors, the free energy consumption is fifty-fifty farther reduced than a single-speed induction motor compressor, and thus contributes far less in the fashion of greenhouse gases.^[33]

The energy consumption of a refrigerator is as well dependent on the blazon of refrigeration being done. For instance, Inverter Refrigerators consume insufficiently less energy than a typical non-inverter refrigerator. In an inverter refrigerator, the compressor is used conditionally on requirement basis. For instance, an inverter refrigerator might apply less energy during the winters than information technology does during the summers. This is considering the compressor works for a shorter fourth dimension than it does during the summers.^[34]

Farther, newer models of inverter compressor refrigerators take in to account various external and internal conditions to suit the compressor speed and thus optimize cooling and free energy consumption. Most of them employ at least 4 sensors which assist detect variance in external temperature, internal temperature owing to opening of the refrigerator door or keeping new food inside; humidity and usage patterns. Depending on the sensor inputs, the compressor adjusts its speed. For example, if door is opened or new food is kept, the sensor detects an increase in temperature inside the cabin and signals the compressor to increment its speed till a pre-determined temperature is attained. Afterwards which, the compressor runs at a minimum speed to but maintain the internal temperature. The compressor typically runs betwixt 1200 and 4500 rpm. Inverter compressors not only optimizes cooling but is also superior in terms of durability and energy efficiency.^{[ commendation needed ]} A device consumes maximum energy and undergoes maximum clothing and tear when information technology switches itself on. As an inverter compressor never switches itself off and instead runs on varying speed, it minimizes wear and tear and energy usage. LG played a significant function in improving inverter compressors as nosotros know it by reducing the friction points in the compressor and thus introducing Linear Inverter Compressors. Conventionally, all domestic refrigerators use a reciprocating drive which is connected to the piston. But in a linear inverter compressor, the piston which is a permanent magnet is suspended between two electromagnets. The Air-conditioning changes the magnetic poles of the electromagnet, which results in the push button and pull that compresses the refrigerant. LG claims that this helps reduce free energy consumption by 32% and racket by 25% compared to their conventional compressors.

Grade factor [edit]

The phycial design of refrigerators also plays a big part in its energy efficiency. The almost efficient is the chest-style freezer, as its top-opening blueprint minimizes convection when opening the doors, reducing the amount of warm moist air inbound the freezer. On the other hand, in-door water ice dispensers cause more than heat leakage, contributing to an increment in energy consumption.^[35]

Upshot on lifestyle [edit]

The refrigerator allows households to go along food fresh for longer than before. The near notable improvement is for meat and other highly perishable wares, which needed to be refined to gain anything resembling shelf life.^{[ citation needed ]} (On the other mitt, refrigerators and freezers can also be stocked with processed, quick-cook foods that are less good for you.) Refrigeration in transit makes it possible to enjoy food from distant places.

Dairy products, meats, fish, poultry and vegetables can be kept refrigerated in the aforementioned space within the kitchen (although raw meat should exist kept separate from other food for reasons of hygiene).

Freezers allow people to purchase food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and bulk purchases save money. Ice cream, a popular commodity of the 20th century, could previously only be obtained by traveling to where the product was fabricated and eating it on the spot. Now it is a mutual nutrient particular. Ice on need not merely adds to the enjoyment of cold drinks, only is useful for first-assist, and for cold packs that tin be kept frozen for picnics or in case of emergency.

Temperature zones and ratings [edit]

Residential units [edit]

The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either liters or cubic feet. Typically the book of a combined refrigerator-freezer is separate with 1/3rds to one/4th of the volume allocated to the freezer although these values are highly variable.

Temperature settings for fridge and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers by manufacturers (for example, ane through 9, warmest to coldest), merely generally 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F)^[ane] is ideal for the fridge compartment and −eighteen °C (0 °F) for the freezer. Some refrigerators must be within sure external temperature parameters to run properly. This can exist an issue when placing units in an unfinished area, such every bit a garage.

Some refrigerators are at present divided into four zones to store different types of food:

• −18 °C (0 °F) (freezer)
• 0 °C (32 °F) (meat zone)
• 5 °C (41 °F) (cooling zone)
• x °C (fifty °F) (crisper)

European freezers, and refrigerators with a freezer compartment, have a four star rating system to grade freezers.^[36]

• [∗]  : min temperature = −6 °C (21 °F).

Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) nutrient is 1 week

• [∗∗]  : min temperature = −12 °C (10 °F).

Maximum storage fourth dimension for (pre-frozen) food is i month

• [∗∗∗]  : min temperature = −xviii °C (0 °F).

Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is between iii and 12 months

depending on type (meat, vegetables, fish, etc.)

• [∗∗∗∗] : min temperature = −18 °C (0 °F).

Maximum storage time for pre-frozen or frozen-from-fresh food is betwixt iii and 12 months

Although both the three and iv star ratings specify the same storage times and same minimum temperature of −xviii °C (0 °F), just a 4 star freezer is intended for freezing fresh food, and may include a "fast freeze" role (runs the compressor continually, downward to as depression every bit −26 °C (−xv °F)) to facilitate this. Three (or fewer) stars are used for frozen food compartments that are only suitable for storing frozen food; introducing fresh food into such a compartment is probable to result in unacceptable temperature rises. This divergence in categorization is shown in the design of the iv-star logo, where the "standard" three stars are displayed in a box using "positive" colours, denoting the same normal operation equally a 3-star freezer, and the fourth star showing the additional fresh food/fast freeze office is prefixed to the box in "negative" colours or with other singled-out formatting.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nearly European refrigerators include a moist cold refrigerator section (which does require (automated) defrosting at irregular intervals) and a (rarely frost gratis) freezer section.

Commercial refrigeration temperatures [edit]

(from warmest to coolest)

Refrigerators

2 to 3 °C (35 to 38 °F), and not greater than maximum refrigerator temperature at 5 °C (41 °F)

Freezer, Reach-in

−23 to −15 °C (−ten to +v °F)

Freezer, Walk-in

−23 to −18 °C (−ten to 0 °F)

Freezer, Ice Cream

−29 to −23 °C (−20 to −ten °F)

Disposal [edit]

1941 Ad for Servel Electrolux Gas Refrigerator (Absorption),^[37] designed by Norman Bel Geddes.^{[38] [39] [xl]} In 1998, CPSC warned that erstwhile units all the same in employ could be deadly, and offered a $100 reward plus disposal costs to consumers who properly disposed of their erstwhile Servels.^[41]

An increasingly important environmental concern is the disposal of old refrigerators—initially because freon coolant amercement the ozone layer—but as older generation refrigerators wear out, the destruction of CFC-bearing insulation as well causes concern. Modern refrigerators usually employ a refrigerant called HFC-134a (i,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane), which does not deplete the ozone layer, unlike Freon. A R-134a is now becoming very uncommon in Europe. Newer refrigerants are being used instead. The main refrigerant now used is R-600a, or isobutane which has a smaller upshot on the atmosphere if released. There have been reports of refrigerators exploding if the refrigerant leaks isobutane in the presence of a spark. If the coolant leaks into the refrigerator, at times when the door is non being opened (such as overnight) the concentration of coolant in the air inside the fridge can build up to form an explosive mixture that can be ignited either by a spark from the thermostat or when the light comes on as the door is opened, resulting in documented cases of serious property damage and injury or even death from the resulting explosion.^[42]

Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated, often mandating the removal of doors for safety reasons. Children playing hide-and-seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded refrigerators, especially older models with latching doors, in a phenomenon called refrigerator death. Since 2 Baronial 1956, nether U.South. federal law, refrigerator doors are no longer permitted to latch and they can be opened from the inside.^[43] Modern units use a magnetic door gasket that holds the door sealed just allows information technology to be pushed open up from the inside.^[44] This gasket was invented, developed and manufactured by Max Baermann (1903–1984) of Bergisch Gladbach/Deutschland.^{[45] [46]}

Regarding full life-cycle costs, many governments offer incentives to encourage recycling of old refrigerators. One instance is the Phoenix fridge program launched in Australia. This government incentive picked up old refrigerators, paying their owners for "donating" the refrigerator. The refrigerator was then refurbished, with new door seals, a thorough cleaning and the removal of items, such as the cover that is strapped to the back of many older units. The resulting refrigerators, now over ten% more than efficient, were then distributed to low income families.^{[ citation needed ]}

Gallery [edit]

• 

  McCray pre-electric home refrigerator advertizing from 1905; this company, founded in 1887, is still in business

• 

  General Electric "Monitor-Elevation" refrigerator, nonetheless in use, June 2007

• 

  Frigidaire Purple "Frost Proof" model FPI-16BC-63, elevation refrigerator/bottom freezer with brushed chrome door finish made by General Motors Canada in 1963

• 

  A side-past-side refrigerator-freezer with an icemaker (2011)

See likewise [edit]

• Common cold chain
• Continuous freezers
• Ice foam maker
• Ice dearth
• Net refrigerator
• KECO Industries, Inc. v. U.s.
• Kimchi refrigerator
• List of home appliances
• Pot-in-pot refrigerator
• Refrigerator death
• Refrigerator magnet
• Solar-powered refrigerator
• Star rating
• Wine cellar

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} . Continue your fridge-freezer clean and ice-free. BBC. thirty Apr 2008
2. ^ "Yakhchāls, Āb Anbārs, & Air current Catchers — Passive Cooling & Refrigeration Technologies Of Greater Iran (Persia)". TandfOnline. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 22 Jan 2021.
3. ^ Ebrahimi, Ali; Shayegani, Aida; Zarandi, Mahnaz Mahmoudi (2021). "Thermal Operation of Sustainable Element in Moayedi Icehouse in Iran". International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 15 (five): 740–756. doi:10.1080/15583058.2019.1645243. S2CID 202094054. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
4. ^ Venetum Britannicum, 1676, London, p. 176 in the 1678 edition.
5. ^ Arora, Ramesh Chandra (30 March 2012). "Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration". Refrigeration and Ac. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning. p. iii. ISBN978-81-203-3915-half-dozen.
6. ^ Burstall, Aubrey F. (1965). A History of Mechanical Engineering. The MIT Printing. ISBN0-262-52001-Ten.
7. ^ United states 8080A, John Gorrie, "Improved process for the artificial production of ice", issued 1851-05-06
8. ^ "Refrigerator vacuum dehydration unit of measurement". Vacuum. 28 (two): 81. February 1978. doi:ten.1016/s0042-207x(78)80528-4. ISSN 0042-207X.
9. ^ US 1126605, Fred W. Wolf, "Refrigerating apparatus", issued 1915-01-26
10. ^ Dennis R. Heldman (29 August 2003). Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering (Print). CRC Press. p. 350. ISBN978-0-8247-0938-nine. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
11. ^ "DOMELRE First Electric Fridge | ashrae.org". www.ashrae.org . Retrieved 2 August 2021.
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18. ^ "Advertizement". The Australian Women'south Weekly. Australia. nineteen September 1973. p. 26. Retrieved 13 January 2020 – via Trove.
19. ^ "What is Dual-Cooling Engineering science?". www.sears.com.
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23. ^ US 2579848, Alfred E. Nave, "Butter conditioner", issued 1951-12-25
24. ^ "Towards the magnetic refrigerator" Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Physorg. 21 April 2006
25. ^ "Which UK – Saving Energy". Which Uk. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
26. ^ Feist, J. W.; Farhang, R.; Erickson, J.; Stergakos, E. (1994). "Super Efficient Refrigerators: The Golden Carrot from Concept to Reality" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACEEE. 3: 3.67–3.76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013.
27. ^ "Refrigerators & Freezers". Energy Star. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006.
28. ^ Itakura, Kosuke. Sun Frost – The World's Most Efficient Refrigerators. Humboldt.edu
29. ^ "High-efficiency specifications for REFRIGERATORS" (PDF). Consortium for Energy Efficiency. January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2013.
30. ^ "Successes of Energy Efficiency: The United States and California National Trust" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2012.
31. ^ Calwell, Chris & Reeder, Travis (2001). "Out With the Former, In With the New" (PDF). Natural Resources Defence Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on viii June 2011.
32. ^ Kakaç, Sadik; Avelino, M. R.; Smirnov, H. F. (6 December 2012). Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration. Springer Scientific discipline & Business Media. ISBN9789401000994.
33. ^ "How the Digital Inverter Compressor Has Transformed the Modernistic Refrigerator". news.samsung.com . Retrieved 25 January 2020.
34. ^ "How to Adapt the Temperature in Your Refrigerator During the Wintertime & the Summer". homeguides.sfgate.com . Retrieved 8 May 2020.
35. ^ Technology Connections (7 April 2020). "Breast Freezers; What they tell us about designing for X". YouTube.
36. ^ Commission Regulation (Eu) 2019/2019 of 1 October 2019 laying downward ecodesign requirements for refrigerating appliances pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 643/2009 (Text with EEA relevance.), 5 Dec 2019, retrieved 21 October 2020
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38. ^ United states 95817S, Norman Bel Geddes, "Design for a refrigerator cabinet", issued 1935-06-04
39. ^ US 2127212A, Norman Bel Geddes, "Fridge", published 1935-07-24, issued 1938-08-sixteen
40. ^ "Norman Bel Geddes Database". norman.hrc.utexas.edu . Retrieved 25 Jan 2020.
41. ^ "CPSC, Warns That Old Servel Gas Refrigerators Still In Use Tin Be Deadly". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Committee. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
42. ^ "Tragic bride-to-be's fridge-freezer exploded and 'turned into a Bunsen burner'". Daily Mirror. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 Baronial 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Daily Mirror Nov 2015
43. ^ Role 1750—STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR DOORS FROM THE Within :: PART 1750-STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRI. Law.justia.com. Retrieved on 26 August 2013.
44. ^ Adams, Cecil (2005). "Is it impossible to open a fridge door from the within?". Archived from the original on 7 July 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2006.
45. ^ Max Baermann GMBH. "Flexible Magnetic Strips". Retrieved twenty June 2020.
46. ^ U.s. 2959832, Max Baermann, "Flexible or resilient permanent magnets", issued 1960-eleven-15

Further reading [edit]

• Rees, Jonathan. Refrigeration Nation: A History of Water ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America (Johns Hopkins University Printing; 2013) 256 pages
• Refrigerators and food preservation in foreign countries. U.s.a. Agency of Statistics, Department of State. 1890.

External links [edit]

• U.S. Patent 1,126,605 Refrigerating apparatus
• U.S. Patent 1,222,170 Refrigerating apparatus
• The History of the Refrigerator and Freezers
• Refrigerators, Canada Science and Technology Museum

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator

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